In her 2006 book Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Carol Dweck describes two mindsets—fixed and growth—and the effects these mindsets have on the way people approach change. People with a fixed mindset tend to focus on indicators or outward appearance of competence, while those with a growth mindset tend to focus on learning through hard work and trial and error. These mindsets are on a continuum, and individuals may exhibit different mindsets in different areas of their lives.

How Leaders Shape, Signal, and Build Cultures: A Discussion Guide for Academic Leaders and Their Teams
Among the many desired traits most prized in academic leadership, the ability to shape (or reshape) institutional culture is sometimes overlooked in favor of fiscal acumen, the ability to drive


