Consider the experience of Jordan, a fourth-year political science major, who was told by his professor that many African American students do not pass her class (Brooms, 2017). This stereotyping can create a self-fulfilling prophecy, or what Claude Steele describes as a “stereotype threat,” which impacts students’ performance by challenging their academic ability or competence.

Investigative Overreach on Campus: Faculty Perspectives and Strategies for Improvement
Review of Professors Speak Out: The Truth about Campus Investigations, edited by Nicholas H. Wolfinger (Academica Press, 2025)