When the pandemic began, students could no longer meet with faculty for classes and other in-person meetings. Consequently, formative feedback students received from their faculty regarding their performance on exams and other course work had to stand in for lectures and other in-person conversations that typically used to occur between students and their instructors. Were feedback loops and low-stakes assessments supported in the emergency shift to remote learning?

How Leaders Shape, Signal, and Build Cultures: A Discussion Guide for Academic Leaders and Their Teams
Among the many desired traits most prized in academic leadership, the ability to shape (or reshape) institutional culture is sometimes overlooked in favor of fiscal acumen, the ability to drive


