According to John Tropman, professor of social work at the University of Michigan and author of Making Meetings Work: Achieving High Quality Group Decisions, well-run meetings consist of three elements: announcements, decisions, and brainstorming. This straightforward structure belies the lived experience of many who endure long, seemingly pointless meetings that accomplish little.

Investigative Overreach on Campus: Faculty Perspectives and Strategies for Improvement
Review of Professors Speak Out: The Truth about Campus Investigations, edited by Nicholas H. Wolfinger (Academica Press, 2025)